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<ol><li> 1. F L U I D M E C H A N I C S FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page i </li><li> 2. McGRAW-HILL SERIES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Alciatore and Histand: Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems Anderson: Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications Anderson: Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Anderson: Introduction to Flight Anderson: Modern Compressible Flow Barber: Intermediate Mechanics of Materials Beer/Johnston: Vector Mechanics for Engineers Beer/Johnston/DeWolf: Mechanics of Materials Borman and Ragland: Combustion Engineering Budynas: Advanced Strength and Applied Stress Analysis engel and Boles: Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach engel and Cimbala: Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications engel and Turner: Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences engel: Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach Crespo da Silva: Intermediate Dynamics Dieter: Engineering Design: A Materials & Processing Approach Dieter: Mechanical Metallurgy Doebelin: Measurement Systems: Application & Design Dunn: Measurement & Data Analysis for Engineering & Science EDS, Inc.: I-DEAS Student Guide Hamrock/Jacobson/Schmid: Fundamentals of Machine Elements Henkel and Pense: Structure and Properties of Engineering Material Heywood: Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals Holman: Experimental Methods for Engineers Holman: Heat Transfer Hsu: MEMS & Microsystems: Manufacture & Design Hutton: Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis Kays/Crawford/Weigand: Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Kelly: Fundamentals of Mechanical Vibrations Kreider/Rabl/Curtiss: The Heating and Cooling of Buildings Mattingly: Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion Meirovitch: Fundamentals of Vibrations Norton: Design of Machinery Palm: System Dynamics Reddy: An Introduction to Finite Element Method Ribando: Heat Transfer Tools Schaffer et al.: The Science and Design of Engineering Materials Schey: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes Schlichting: Boundary-Layer Theory Shames: Mechanics of Fluids Shigley/Mischke/Budynas: Mechanical Engineering Design Smith: Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering Stoecker: Design of Thermal Systems Suryanarayana and Arici: Design and Simulation of Thermal Systems Turns: An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications Ugural: Stresses in Plates and Shells Ugural: Mechanical Design: An Integrated Approach Ullman: The Mechanical Design Process Wark and Richards: Thermodynamics White: Fluid Mechanics White: Viscous Fluid Flow Zeid: Mastering CAD/CAM cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page ii </li><li> 3. F L U I D M E C H A N I C S FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS YUNUS A. ENGEL Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Nevada, Reno JOHN M. CIMBALA Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page iii </li><li> 4. FLUID MECHANICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 ISBN 0072472367 Senior Sponsoring Editor: Suzanne Jeans Managing Developmental Editor: Debra D. Matteson Developmental Editor: Kate Scheinman Senior Marketing Manager: Mary K. Kittell Senior Project Manager: Sheila M. Frank Senior Production Supervisor: Sherry L. Kane Media Technology Producer: Eric A. Weber Senior Designer: David W. Hash (USE) Cover image: Getty/Eric Meola, Niagara Falls Senior Photo Research Coordinator: Lori Hancock Photo Research: Judy Ladendorf/The Permissions Group Supplemental Producer: Brenda A. Ernzen Compositor: Lachina Publishing Services Typeface: 10.5/12 Times Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley Willard, OH Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data engel, Yunus A. Fluid mechanics : fundamentals and applications / Yunus A. engel, John M. Cimbala.1st ed. p. cm.(McGraw-Hill series in mechanical engineering) ISBN 0072472367 1. Fluid dynamics. I. Cimbala, John M. II. Title. III. Series. TA357.C43 2006 620.1'06dc22 2004058767 CIP www.mhhe.com cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page iv </li><li> 5. D e d i c a t i o n To all studentsIn hopes of enhancing your desire and enthusiasm to explore the inner workings of our marvelous universe, of which fluid mechanics is a small but fascinating part; our hope is that this book enhances your love of learning, not only about fluid mechanics, but about life. cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page v </li><li> 6. Yunus A. engel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineer- ing from Istanbul Technical University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State University. His research areas are renewable energy, desalination, exergy analysis, heat transfer enhancement, radiation heat transfer, and energy conservation. He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000. He has led teams of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada and California to do industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conservation, waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them. Dr. engel is the coauthor of the widely adopted textbook Thermodynam- ics: An Engineering Approach, 4th edition (2002), published by McGraw-Hill. He is also the author of the textbook Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd edition (2003), and the coauthor of the textbook Fundamentals of Thermal- Fluid Sciences, 2nd edition (2005), both published by McGraw-Hill. Some of his textbooks have been translated to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Turkish, Italian, and Greek. Dr. engel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excel- lence in authorship in 1992 and again in 2000. Dr. engel is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Nevada, and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). John M. Cimbala is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Penn- sylvania State Univesity, University Park. He received his B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Penn State and his M.S. in Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology (CalTech). He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics from CalTech in 1984 under the supervision of Professor Anatol Roshko, to whom he will be forever grateful. His research areas include experimental and com- putational fluid mechanics and heat transfer, turbulence, turbulence modeling, turbomachinery, indoor air quality, and air pollution control. During the aca- demic year 199394, Professor Cimbala took a sabbatical leave from the Uni- versity and worked at NASA Langley Research Center, where he advanced his knowledge of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and turbulence modeling. Dr. Cimbala is the coauthor of the textbook Indoor Air Quality Engineer- ing: Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants (2003), published by Marcel-Dekker, Inc. He has also contributed to parts of other books, and is the author or co-author of dozens of journal and conference papers. More information can be found at www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala. Professor Cimbala is the recipient of several outstanding teaching awards and views his book writing as an extension of his love of teaching. He is a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and the American Physical Society (APS). A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page vi </li><li> 7. B R I E F C O N T E N T S C H A P T E R O N E INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 C H A P T E R T W O PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 35 C H A P T E R T H R E E PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 65 C H A P T E R F O U R FLUID KINEMATICS 121 C H A P T E R F I V E MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS 171 C H A P T E R S I X MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS 227 C H A P T E R S E V E N DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING 269 C H A P T E R E I G H T FLOW IN PIPES 321 C H A P T E R N I N E DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW 399 C H A P T E R T E N APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIERSTOKES EQUATION 471 C H A P T E R E L E V E N FLOW OVER BODIES: DRAG AND LIFT 561 C H A P T E R T W E L V E COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 611 C H A P T E R T H I R T E E N OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 679 C H A P T E R F O U R T E E N TURBOMACHINERY 735 C H A P T E R F I F T E E N INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 817 cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page vii </li><li> 8. Preface xv C H A P T E R O N E INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 11 Introduction 2 What Is a Fluid? 2 Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics 4 12 The No-Slip Condition 6 13 A Brief History of Fluid Mechanics 7 14 Classification of Fluid Flows 9 Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow 9 Internal versus External Flow 10 Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 10 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 11 Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 11 Steady versus Unsteady Flow 11 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 12 15 System and Control Volume 14 16 Importance of Dimensions and Units 15 Some SI and English Units 16 Dimensional Homogeneity 18 Unity Conversion Ratios 20 17 Mathematical Modeling of Engineering Problems 21 Modeling in Engineering 21 18 Problem-Solving Technique 22 Step 1: Problem Statement 22 Step 2: Schematic 23 Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 23 Step 4: Physical Laws 23 Step 5: Properties 23 Step 6: Calculations 23 Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 23 19 Engineering Software Packages 24 Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 25 FLUENT 26 110 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits 26 Application Spotlight: What Nuclear Blasts and Raindrops Have in Common 31 Summary 30 References and Suggested Reading 30 Problems 32 C H A P T E R T W O PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 35 21 Introduction 36 Continuum 36 22 Density and Specific Gravity 37 Density of Ideal Gases 38 23 Vapor Pressure and Cavitation 39 24 Energy and Specific Heats 41 25 Coefficient of Compressibility 42 Coefficient of Volume Expansion 44 26 Viscosity 46 27 Surface Tension and Capillary Effect 51 Capillary Effect 53 Summary 55 References and Suggested Reading 56 Application Spotlight: Cavitation 57 Problems 58 C H A P T E R T H R E E PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 65 31 Pressure 66 Pressure at a Point 67 Variation of Pressure with Depth 68 32 The Manometer 71 Other Pressure Measurement Devices 74 33 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure 75 34 Introduction to Fluid Statics 78 C O N T E N T S cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page viii </li><li> 9. CONTENTS ix 35 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces 79 Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate 82 36 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces 85 37 Buoyancy and Stability 89 Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 92 38 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion 95 Special Case 1: Fluids at Rest 96 Special Case 2: Free Fall of a Fluid Body 97 Acceleration on a Straight Path 97 Rotation in a Cylindrical Container 99 Summary 102 References and Suggested Reading 103 Problems 103 C H A P T E R F O U R FLUID KINEMATICS 121 41 Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions 122 Acceleration Field 124 Material Derivative 127 42 Fundamentals of Flow Visualization 129 Streamlines and Streamtubes 129 Pathlines 130 Streaklines 132 Timelines 134 Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques 135 Surface Flow Visualization Techniques 136 43 Plots of Fluid Flow Data 136 Profile Plots 137 Vector Plots 137 Contour Plots 138 44 Other Kinematic Descriptions 139 Types of Motion or Deformation of Fluid Elements 139 Vorticity and Rotationality 144 Comparison of Two Circular Flows 147 45 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 148 Alternate Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 153 Relationship between Material Derivative and RTT 155 Application Spotlight: Fluidic Actuators 157 Summary 156 References and Suggested Reading 158 Problems 158 C H A P T E R F I V E MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS 171 51 Introduction 172 Conservation of Mass 172 Conservation of Momentum 172 Conservation of Energy 172 52 Conservation of Mass 173 Mass and Volume Flow Rates 173 Conservation of Mass Principle 175 Moving or Deforming Control Volumes 177 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 177 Special Case: Incompressible Flow 178 53 Mechanical Energy and Efficiency 180 54 The Bernoulli Equation 185 Acceleration of a Fluid Particle 186 Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation 186 Force Balance across Streamlines 188 Unsteady, Compressible Flow 189 Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures 189 Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation 190 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line (EGL) 192 55 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 194 56 General Energy Equation 201 Energy Transfer by Heat, Q 202 Energy Transfer by Work, W 202 57 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows 206 Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical Work Devices and Negligible Friction 208 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, a 208 Summary 215 References and Suggested Reading 216 Problems 216 C H A P T E R S I X MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS 227 61 Newtons Laws and Conservation of Momentum 228 62 Choosing a Control Volume 229 63 Forces Acting on a Control Volume 230 cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page ix </li><li> 10. 64 The Linear Momentum Equation 233 Special Cases 235 Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, b 235 Steady Flow 238 Steady Flow with One Inlet and One Outlet 238 Flow with No External Forces 238 65 Review of Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum 248 66 The Angular Momentum Equation 250 Special Cases 252 Flow with No External Moments 253 Radial-Flow Devices 254 Summary 259 References and Suggested Reading 259 Problems 260 C H A P T E R S E V E N DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING 269 71 Dimensions and Units 270 72 Dimensional Homogeneity 271 Nondimensionalization of Equations 272 73 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 277 74 The Method of Repeating Variables and the Buckingham Pi Theorem 281 Historical Spotlight: Persons Honored by Nondimensional Parameters 289 75 Experimental Testing and Incomplete Similarity 297 Setup of an Experiment and Correlation of Experimental Data 297 Incomplete Similarity 298 Wind Tunnel Testing 298 Flows with Free Surfaces 301 Application Spotlight: How a Fly Flies 304..</li></ol>
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